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Pope
The Pope ((ラテン語:papa); from (ギリシア語:πάππας) ''pappas'',〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language )〕 a child's word for ''father'')〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Liddell and Scott )〕 is the Bishop of Rome and the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. The primacy of the Roman bishop is largely derived from his role as the traditional successor to Saint Peter, to whom Jesus gave the keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the church would be built. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI.〔(News from The Associated Press )〕
The office of the Pope is the papacy. His ecclesiastical jurisdiction, the Diocese of Rome, is often called "the Holy See"〔(Merriam-Webster Dictionary )〕 or "the Apostolic See", the latter name being based upon the belief that the Bishop of Rome is the successor of Peter the Apostle.〔(Collins Dictionary )〕 The Pope is considered one of the world's most powerful people because of its diplomatic and cultural influence.〔(THE ROLE OF THE VATICAN IN THE MODERN WORLD )〕 He is also head of state of Vatican City,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Vatican City State - State and Government )〕 a sovereign city-state entirely enclaved within the Italian capital city of Rome.
The papacy is one of the most enduring institutions in the world and has had a prominent part in world history.〔Collins, Roger. ''Keepers of the keys of heaven: a history of the papacy''. Introduction (One of the most enduring and influential of all human institutions, (...) No one who seeks to make sense of modern issues within Christendom - or, indeed, world history - can neglect the vital shaping role of the popes.) Basic Books. 2009. ISBN 978-0-465-01195-7.〕 The popes in ancient times helped in the spread of Christianity and the resolution of various doctrinal disputes.〔 In the Middle Ages, they played a role of secular importance in Western Europe, often acting as arbitrators between Christian monarchs.〔Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "''Autoridade da Verdade - Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico''". Capítulo VIII: Os papas repartem terras - Pág.: 64-65 e Capítulo VI: O papa tem poder temporal absoluto – Pág.: 49-55. Edições Loyola. ISBN 85-15-01750-4. Embora Faus critique profundamente o poder temporal dos papas ("''Mais uma vez isso salienta um dos maiores inconvenientes do status político dos sucessores de Pedro''" - pág.: 64), ele também admite um papel secular positivo por parte dos papas ("''Não podemos negar que intervenções papais desse gênero evitaram mais de uma guerra na Europa''" - pág.: 65).〕〔Such as regulating the colonization of the New World. See Treaty of Tordesillas and Inter caetera.〕 Currently, in addition to the expansion of the Christian faith and doctrine, the popes are involved in ecumenism and interfaith dialog, charitable work, and the defense of human rights.〔''História das Religiões. Crenças e práticas religiosas do século XII aos nossos dias''. Grandes Livros da Religião. Editora Folio. 2008. Pág.: 89, 156-157. ISBN 978-84-413-2489-3〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=último Papa - Funções, eleição, o que representa, vestimentas, conclave, primeiro papa )〕
Popes, who originally had no temporal powers, in some periods of history accrued wide powers similar to those of temporal rulers. In recent centuries, popes were gradually forced to give up temporal power, and papal authority is now once again almost exclusively restricted to matters of religion.〔 Over the centuries, papal claims of spiritual authority have been ever more firmly expressed, culminating in 1870 with the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility for rare occasions when the pope speaks ''ex cathedra''—literally "from the chair (of Saint Peter)"—to issue a formal definition of faith or morals.〔
==History==
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